The current status of the use of palonosetron.

Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is associated with a significant deterioration in the quality of life. The emetogenicity of the chemotherapeutic agents, repeated chemotherapy cycles, and patient characteristics (female gender, younger age, low alcohol consumption, history of motion sickness) are the major risk factors for CINV. Palonosetron, a second-generation 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonist, has antiemetic activity at both central and gastrointestinal sites. In comparison to the first-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, it has a higher potency, a significantly longer half-life, and a different molecular interaction with 5-HT3 receptors. Palonosetron has been approved for the prevention of acute CINV in patients receiving either moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy and for the prevention of delayed CINV in patients receiving moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Compared to the first-generation 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, palonosetron in combination with dexamethasone has demonstrated better control of delayed CINV in patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy and had a similar safety profile. Due to its efficacy in controlling both acute and delayed CINV, palonosetron may be very effective in the clinical settings of multiple-day chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation.