FT-IR imaging of native and tissue-engineered bone and cartilage.

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging and microspectroscopy have been extensively applied to the analyses of tissues in health and disease. Spatially resolved mid-IR data has provided insights into molecular changes that occur in diseases of connective or collagen-based tissues, including, osteoporosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis and pathologic calcifications. These techniques have also been used to probe chemical changes associated with load, disuse, and micro-damage in bone, and with degradation and repair in cartilage. This review summarizes the applications of FT-IR microscopy and imaging for analyses of bone and cartilage in healthy and diseased tissues, and illustrates the application of these techniques for the characterization of tissue-engineered bone and cartilage.