Macadamia oil alleviates brain injury induced by potassium dichromate via modulation of galectin-3/caspase-3 and Sitruin1.

The protein galectin-3 is essential for cell migration, activation, and proliferation. It also functions as an inflammatory mediator and triggers caspase-3, which causes brain damage. The purpose of this study was to unveil the phytochemical richness of macadamia nut oil (MO) and assess its potential as a treatment for brain damage caused by potassium dichromate (PDC), as well as its impact on galectin-3/caspase-3 and Sitruin1. The active ingredients of MO were determined by thorough analyses using GC-MS, HPLC, and spectrophotometry. These included oleic acid (47.53%), palmitoleic acid (16.48%), squalene, β-sitosterol, seven phenolic compounds (catechol being the most prevalent), and vital vitamins, particularly vitamin K (11.07 mg/ml). Both saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions of MO demonstrate strong antioxidant qualities, efficiently scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals. By restoring Nrf2 and SIRT1 levels and reducing keap1, MAPK, ERK, galectin-3, and caspase-3 levels in the brain, the oil successfully mitigated PDC-induced brain damage. Furthermore, MO significantly reduced the immune-expression of caspase-3 and GFAP in the cerebellar cortex. These discoveries establish MO as a potent natural neuroprotective agent, paving the way for novel pharmaceutical approaches to treat neurodegenerative illnesses and improve brain function. Moreover, this study establishes a viable path for improving cognitive wellness and promoting general neurological health by creating functional meals and nutritional supplements enhanced with this beneficial oil.