Non-native and invasive tree species are abundant in neotropical secondary forest but decline over time.
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Resende Angélica F, Poorter Lourens, Matos Fabio A R, Bongers Frans, César Ricardo, Heringer Gustavo, Hordijk Iris, Jakovac Catarina C, van der Sande Masha T, Chazdon Robin L, Dent Daisy H, Derroire Géraldine, Dupuy-Rada Juan M, Fantini Alfredo, Fernandes Geraldo W, Hernández-Stefanoni José Luis, Hietz Peter, Lohbeck Madelon, Norden Natalia, Ruíz Jorge, Tabarelli Marcelo, Vester Hans F M, Villa Pedro Manuel, Pinho Bruno X, Rozendaal Danaë M A, Santos Bráulio A, Aide T Mitchell, de Almeida-Cortez Jarcilene S, Almeyda Zambrano Angélica María, Alvarez-Davila Esteban, Espírito-Santo Mário M, Becknell Justin M, Broadbent Eben N, Castellano-Castro Carolina, Chave Jérôme, Zambiazi Daisy Christiane, DeWalt Saara J, Fandiño Maria C, Hall Jefferson S, Hernández Alma Johanna, Idárraga Álvaro, Junqueira André B, Kennard Deborah, Letcher Susan G, López-Camacho René, Martínez-Ramos Miguel, Meave Jorge A, Melo Felipe, Mesquita Rita, Mora Francisco, Müller Sandra C, Nunes Yule R F, Ortiz-Malavassi Edgar, Peña-Claros Marielos, Piotto Daniel, Sanchez-Azofeifa Arturo, Schwartz Naomi B, Siminski Alexandre, Teixeira Heitor Mancini, Uriarte Maria, van Breugel Michiel, Veloso Maria D M, Vieira Ima C G, Williamson G Bruce, Zanini Kátia J, Brancalion Pedro H S
Аннотация
Non-native and invasive species are among the leading causes of global biodiversity loss and could therefore compromise the recovery of native forests after disturbance, such as on abandoned agricultural lands. Here we evaluated how the relative density and richness of non-native woody species (NNS) change across secondary tropical forest succession, determined whether they vary between dry and moist forests and identified the underlying environmental and social drivers of these changes. We used data from 1,561 forest plots and 58 chronosequences from ten neotropical countries. We classified 3,735 woody species by origin and invasiveness. Our analyses and conclusions focus on NNS, whereas native (potentially) invasive groups were examined separately. NNS were widespread, occurring in 81% of the chronosequences and comprising 18% of dry and 41% of moist forest plots. We recorded 11 non-native invasive species, most of which were multifunctional trees associated with human activity. In early succession (the first 10-20 years), NNS reached high relative density and richness, accounting for 28% of stems and 22% of species in moist forests, and 9% of stems and species in dry forests. Both metrics declined considerably during the same period but were still present in late succession, mirroring the successional trajectory of native pioneer species, probably due to canopy closure and increased shading. Spatially, NNS richness increased with the Human Development Index. However, both density and richness were negatively affected by increasing surrounding forest cover, agricultural proximity and precipitation, while soil organic carbon generally favoured NNS retention. Our findings suggest that naturally regrowing forests and maintaining relatively intact forest landscapes provide nature-based solutions to control NNS, thereby protecting native biodiversity, ecosystem integrity and local livelihoods.