Neurotoxicity of propylene glycol butyl ether: Multiomic evidence from human brainspheres.

Exposure to solvents may contribute to the development of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases. Glycol ethers consist in a widely used class of organic solvents leading to workers and consumers exposure via many applications. Ethylene glycol ethers are gradually being replaced by propylene glycol ethers thought to be less toxic. However, their neurotoxicity is not systematically assessed before placing them on the market. Therefore, this study investigated the potential neurotoxicity of propylene glycol butyl ether (PGBE) for which no official occupational limit has been established. To this aim, new approach methodologies have been used. Human induced pluripotent stem cells-derived BrainSpheres model was exposed to PGBE and to its assumed human main metabolite, 2-butoxypropanoic acid (2BPA). An integrative multiomic approach (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics) was adopted to assess molecular alterations, derive benchmark concentrations and define potential mechanisms of action. PGBE was neurotoxic at occupationally relevant exposure concentrations. This was shown for the first time in human cells. Although PGBE was more cytotoxic than 2BPA, both compounds showed very similar neurotoxicity. PGBE and 2BPA strongly affected the cell cycle, induced oxidative stress and perturbed energy and lipid metabolism. They also targeted specific nervous system processes, such as axon guidance and synapse organization. Finally, 2BPA might trigger ferroptosis by increased iron uptake. Our in vitro results show an urgent need for public health authorities to carefully assess the risk glycol ethers pose to humans, to properly protect the workers as well as individuals in the general population unknowingly exposed from indoor air contaminations.