Restoring Function After TBI: A Review of Physical Therapy Strategies for Balance, Gait, and Dual-Task Recovery.

Individuals with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) often experience impairments in balance, gait, and dual-task ability, limiting their functional independence and community reintegration. These deficits arise from disruptions across sensory, motor, and cognitive systems, requiring comprehensive physical therapy (PT) assessment and intervention. PT evaluations incorporate strength, coordination, and sensory integration measures using standardized outcome measures such as the Berg Balance Scale, Functional Gait Assessment, and dual-task assessments such as the Timed Up and Go (cognitive). Treatment strategies include high-intensity training, gait and balance training, and vestibular rehabilitation, each targeting specific deficits to promote neuroplasticity and recovery. Technological interventions like the LiteGait®, virtual reality, and the Bioness Integrated Therapy System enhance therapy outcomes by improving safety, cognition, and balance. PTs must address psychosocial barriers and collaborate across disciplines to support holistic recovery. Ongoing evaluation using outcome measures guides treatment progression and readiness for community reintegration, highlighting PT's critical role in restoring functional independence post-TBI.