Research in developmental disabilities · 2025
The Dice Trails Test: A modified Trail Making Test for children and adults with Down Syndrome.
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Sandkühler Katja, Wlasich Elisabeth, Stadler Hannah, Müller Armelle, Heiß Lena, Wagemann Olivia, Nübling Georg, Schenk Thomas, Danek Adrian, Levin Johannes, Loosli Sandra V
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Psychometrically sound instruments to assess cognitive flexibility in people with Down Syndrome (DS) are lacking. The Trail Making Test (TMT) is well-established but requires reading letters and numerals, limiting its applicability for people with DS.
AIMS: To evaluate the psychometric properties and developmental sensitivity of a newly developed TMT adaptation without letters and numerals - the Dice Trails Test (DTT).
METHODS: The DTT was administered to 39 children (8-14 years, 46 % female) and 57 adults (18-57 years, 47 % female) with DS. We evaluated feasibility (proportion of participants completing the task), distributional properties, construct validity, developmental sensitivity, and split-half reliability. Nineteen individuals were reassessed for test-retest reliability. Individuals with DS were compared to typically developing (TD) groups matched on chronological and mental age.
RESULTS: The DTT showed adequate feasibility (≥ 80 %) for individuals with DS and mild intellectual disability (ID), no relevant floor effects, acceptable construct validity, developmental sensitivity, good split-half reliability, and preliminary evidence for good test-retest reliability in DS. DTT performance differed between DS and TD individuals matched on chronological age, but not when matched on mental age.
CONCLUSIONS: Although limited in applicability for individuals with DS and moderate ID, the DTT shows potential as a direct measure of cognitive flexibility in DS across a broad age range.
AIMS: To evaluate the psychometric properties and developmental sensitivity of a newly developed TMT adaptation without letters and numerals - the Dice Trails Test (DTT).
METHODS: The DTT was administered to 39 children (8-14 years, 46 % female) and 57 adults (18-57 years, 47 % female) with DS. We evaluated feasibility (proportion of participants completing the task), distributional properties, construct validity, developmental sensitivity, and split-half reliability. Nineteen individuals were reassessed for test-retest reliability. Individuals with DS were compared to typically developing (TD) groups matched on chronological and mental age.
RESULTS: The DTT showed adequate feasibility (≥ 80 %) for individuals with DS and mild intellectual disability (ID), no relevant floor effects, acceptable construct validity, developmental sensitivity, good split-half reliability, and preliminary evidence for good test-retest reliability in DS. DTT performance differed between DS and TD individuals matched on chronological age, but not when matched on mental age.
CONCLUSIONS: Although limited in applicability for individuals with DS and moderate ID, the DTT shows potential as a direct measure of cognitive flexibility in DS across a broad age range.