Protection of injured retinal ganglion cell dendrites and unfolded protein response resolution after long-term dietary resveratrol.

Long-term dietary supplementation with resveratrol protects against cardiovascular disease, osteoporesis, and metabolic decline. This study determined how long-term dietary resveratrol treatment protects against retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrite loss after optic nerve injury and alters the resolution of the unfolded protein response. Associated changes in markers of endoplasmic reticulum stress in RGCs also were investigated. Young-adult Thy1-yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and C57BL/6 mice received either control diet or diet containing resveratrol for approximately 1 year. Both groups then received optic nerve crush (ONC). Fluorescent RGC dendrites in the Thy1-YFP mice were imaged weekly for 4 weeks after ONC. There was progressive loss of dendrite length in all RGC types within the mice that received control diet. Resveratrol delayed loss of dendrite complexity and complete dendrite loss for most RGC types. However, there were variations in the rate of retraction among different RGC types. Three weeks after ONC, cytoplasmic binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) suppression observed in control diet ganglion cell layer neurons was reversed in mice that received resveratrol, nuclear C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was near baseline in control diet eyes but was moderately increased by resveratrol; and increased nuclear X-box-binding protein-1 (XBP-1) observed in control diet eyes was reduced in eyes that received resveratrol to the same level as in control diet uncrushed eyes. These results indicate that protection of dendrites by resveratrol after ONC differs among RGC types and suggest that alterations in long-term expression of binding immunoglobulin protein, CHOP, and XBP-1 may contribute to the resveratrol-mediated protection of RGC dendrites after ONC.