Cluster analyses of contemporary embalming protocols in central European anatomy institutions: A collaborative effort to minimize chemical exposure.
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Mohebimoushaei Sara, Antipova Veronica, Biedermann Uta, Brand-Saberi Beate, Bräuer Lars, Caspers Svenja, Doll Sara, Engelhardt Maren, Filler Timm J, Gericke Martin, Gümüsalan Yakup, Gundlach Stefanie, Hayn-Leichsenring Gregor U, Heermann Stephan, Hiepe Laura, Hirt Bernhard, Hirtler Lena, Kulisch Christoph, Konschake Marko, Kürten Stefanie, Lange Tobias, Lorenz Mario, Nassenstein Christina, Neckel Peter H, Nimtschke Ute, Paulsen Friedrich, Prescher Andreas, Pretterklieber Michael L, Schmiedl Andreas, Schumann Sven, Spindler Volker, Schulze-Tanzil Gundula, Tschernig Thomas, Unverzagt Axel, Valentiner Ursula, Varga Ivan, Wedel Thilo, Weigner Janet, Weninger Wolfgang J, Westermann Jürgen, Wimmer-Roell Monika, Waschke Jens, Hammer Niels
Аннотация
METHODS: Survey data on all procedures, technologies and chemicals related to embalming were collected from 28 participating institutions and analyzed using an automated clustering approach. Special attention was given to chemicals, explosion-proof facilities, and air ventilation technology. After conducting principal component analyses, the data was evaluated using an unsupervised K-means learning algorithm.
RESULTS: Six distinct clusters of common chemical usage were identified, namely (1) Thiel embalming with explosion-proof facilities, (2) potassium- and sodium salt-based embalming with downdraft ventilation, (3) ethanol/glycerin/glutaraldehyde/sodium alkyl ether sulphate-based embalming, (4) ethanol-based embalming, (5) formaldehyde-based embalming, and (6) ethanol/phenoxyethanol/alkyl (C12-16) dimethylbenzyl ammoniumchloride-based embalming. All clusters included the use of formaldehyde to varying extent. These clusters demonstrated high stability for fixation, combined fixation and conservation, as well as the incorporation of explosion-proof facilities and air ventilation technology. Moreover, a number of institutions used more than one similar protocol, so-called 'Superclusters', with Clusters (4) and (1) or Clusters (5) and (1) combined being the most common observation.
CONCLUSION: These findings provide a basis for optimizing, streamlining and sharing embalming protocols among central European anatomy institutions.