Hypoglycemia in children and young adults with cystic fibrosis during oral glucose tolerance testing vs. continuous glucose monitoring.

BACKGROUND

Hypoglycemia is common in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF) during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and in the free-living setting, yet its pathophysiology remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate hypoglycemia in children and young adults with CF by OGTT and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).

METHODS

A 3-h OGTT was performed in children and young adults with CF and healthy controls (HC). Individuals were classified as experiencing hypoglycemia on OGTT (glucose <70 mg/dL) or not. Insulin, C-peptide, glucose, glucagon, and incretins were measured. CGM was performed for 7 days in the free-living setting. Measures of insulin sensitivity, beta cell function accounting for insulin sensitivity, and insulin clearance were calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 57 participants (40 CF and 17 HC) underwent assessment. Rates of hypoglycemia by OGTT were similar in pwCF (53%, 21/40) compared to HC (35%, 6/17), p = 0.23. PwCF compared to HC had higher A1c; on OGTT higher and later glucose peaks, later insulin peaks; and on CGM more glucose variability. CF Hypo+ versus CF Hypo- had higher lung function, higher insulin sensitivity, higher beta cell function accounting for insulin sensitivity, and decreased CGM variability. When comparing CF Hypo+ to HC Hypo+, although rates of hypoglycemia are similar, pwCF had blunted glucagon responses to hypoglycemia. OGTT hypoglycemia was not associated with CGM hypoglycemia in any group.

CONCLUSION

Youth with CF have increased insulin sensitivity and impaired glucagon response to hypoglycemia on OGTT. Hypoglycemia on OGTT did not associate with free-living hypoglycemia.