Optimizing cardiovascular pharmacotherapy in older adults with frailty.

The prevalence of frailty and its effect on cardiovascular outcomes is increasing on a global scale. Pharmacotherapies for cardiovascular diseases in older people with frailty present unique challenges that require a comprehensive and individualized approach. In this Review, we provide a general overview of these challenges, followed by an in-depth discussion of the problems inherent in applying standard approaches to cardiovascular care in this population. Specifically, we consider blood pressure control, glucose lowering in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, lipid lowering, antiplatelet therapies, direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, and the treatment of heart failure. Although the reduction in cardiovascular events in older individuals with frailty is crucial, the potentially increased risk of adverse effects with the use of cardiovascular medications must be carefully considered. Treatment targets and the choice of drug for these patients should be based on their overall health status and personal goals of care.