Early introduction of ultra-processed foods and their repercussions on inflammatory biomarkers in children.

Background

Excessive consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) has been associated with adverse health outcomes, including increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive protein (C-RP), IL-6, and TNF-α. Aims: To investigate whether the introduction of UPFs before the age of 2 years is associated with inflammatory markers in school-aged children (7-10 years).

Methods

This cross-sectional study included interviews with children and their mothers conducted by a trained team. Anthropometric and biochemical data (C-RP), IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17a, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were collected from children. Maternal reports provided information on family income, schooling, breastfeeding (exclusive up to 6 months), timing of food introduction, early exposure to UPFs (before 2 years), and birth weight. Statistical analyses included PERMANOVA and generalized estimating equations, adjusted for family income, BMI-for-age, and exclusive breastfeeding. Summary: The prevalence of early UPF introduction was higher among girls compared to boys (54.7% vs. 45.3%, P < 0.001). Children exposed to UPFs before 2 years of age had higher IL-10 levels (P = 0.002), but this association was not sustained after adjustments. Early UPF consumption (before 2 years of age) was not associated with alterations in inflammatory cytokines in children aged 7-10 years. Nevertheless, considering the established links between UPF intake, metabolic disorders, and neurodevelopmental outcomes, continuous monitoring and dietary guidance during childhood remain essential to promote lifelong health.