Uremic toxins and the brain in chronic kidney disease.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have an increased risk for cognitive impairment compared to the general population. The risk is much higher in CKD patients who progress to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and require hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. Multiple factors may contribute to cognitive impairment in CKD patients and in patients on chronic dialysis. However, the observation that, after kidney transplantation, there is an improvement in several cognitive performance markers and that some structural and functional brain abnormalities may improve suggests that cognitive deficits in patients on dialysis may be at least partially reversible. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that uremic toxins may disrupt the blood brain barrier and damage the brain cells. Such brain toxicity should prompt efforts to lower the burden of uremic toxins through dialytic and non-dialytic strategies.