Acute idiopathic pulmonary haemorrhage in infancy: case report and review of the literature.

This report presents the case of a 4-month-old male infant with recurrent bouts of haemoptysis for which no cause could be detected after extensive investigation. Literature reports of this condition from other geographic locations around the world are reviewed, together with epidemiologic studies attempting to provide a link with certain environmental exposures, toxic and infectious. A diagnostic entity of acute idiopathic pulmonary haemorrhage in infancy has recently been proposed. To my knowledge, this is the first case reported from New Zealand. Although the incidence of such reported cases appears to be rare, they constitute an interesting public health problem, particularly because some of the risk factors appear to overlap with risk factors for sudden infant death. They can therefore trigger an investigation into the home and outdoor environments, and may provide valuable insights into a possible underlying genetic factor and potentially harmful exposures in the modern urban or rural settings.