Sex/gender differences in hemispheric asymmetries.

This chapter will critically review evidence across 40 years of research, covering both early and contemporary studies that have investigated sex/gender differences in hemispheric asymmetries, including both structural and functional asymmetries. We argue that small sex/gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry reliably exist, but there is significant overlap between the sexes and considerable within-sex variation. Furthermore, we argue that research to date is limited in its consideration of sex/gender-related factors, such as sex hormones and gender roles. Moreover, we highlight a critical limitation stemming from the lack of universal agreement on the definitions of "sex" and "gender," resulting in the majority of studies interested in sex/gender differences in hemispheric asymmetry involving the separation of participants into dichotomous male/female groups based solely on self-identified sex. Future research involving sex/gender should adopt a biopsychosocial approach whenever possible, to ensure that nonbinary psychologic, biologic, and environmental/social factors related to sex/gender, and their interactions, are routinely accounted for. Finally, we argue that while the human brain is not sexually dimorphic, sex/gender differences in the brain are not trivial and likely have several clinically relevant implications, including for the development of stratified treatment approaches for both neurologic and psychiatric patient populations.