[Expert consensus on clinical application of sacral neuromodulation in children and adolescents (2025 edition)].

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is an effective method for the treatment of refractory urge-frequency syndrome, urge urinary incontinence, non-obstructive urinary retention, and defecation dysfunction, and it is more commonly used in adults. In recent years, reports on SNM in children have gradually increased. However, there are many controversies regarding the indications and evaluation of treatment effects of SNM in children and adolescents, which need to be standardized. In order to better guide the clinical practice, the Pediatric Urodynamics and Pelvic Floor Group of Chinese Medical Association Pediatric Surgery Branch organized the experts of pediatric urodynamics, pelvic floor, and urology developed this "Expert Consensus on Clinical Application of Sarcal Neuromodulation in Children and Adolescents (2025 Edition)" according to the current available evidence-based medicine. The consensus was prepared using the consensus conference method. Its main contents include clinical indications and contraindications, preoperative assessment, treatment protocols, postoperative programming and follow-up, efficacy evaluation, complications, and management principles for pediatric SNM. The aim of this consensus is to further standardize the indications, techniques, efficacy evaluation, and prevention of complications of SNM in children and adolescents.