True gynecomastia in congenitally HIV-infected children treated with antiretroviral agents.

Gynecomastia is an emerging untoward effect of HIV-infected patients treated with antiretroviral agents, but frequency, pathogenesis, relationship to single anti-HIV compounds, evolution, and outcome are still under investigation. We report the first two cases of true gynecomastia observed in prepubertal congenitally-infected boys, and clinical, antiretroviral, metabolic, hormonal, virological, and immunological aspects.