Sleep After Concussion: A Scoping Review of Sensor Technologies.

Sleep disturbances following a concussion/mild traumatic brain injury are associated with longer recovery times and more comorbidities. Sensor technologies can directly monitor sleep-related physiology and provide objective sleep metrics. This scoping review determines how sensor technologies are currently used to monitor sleep following a concussion. We searched Ovid (Medline, Embase), Web of Science, CINAHL, Compendex Engineering Village, and PsycINFO from inception to June 20, 2022, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for scoping reviews. Included studies objectively monitored sleep in participants with concussion. We screened 1081 articles and included 37 in the review. A total of 17 studies implemented polysomnography (PSG) months to years after injury for a median of two nights and provided a wide range of sleep metrics, including sleep-wake times, sleep stages, arousal indices, and periodic limb movements. Twenty-two studies used actigraphy days to weeks after injury for a median of 10 days and nights and provided information limited to sleep-wake times. Sleep stages were most reported in PSG studies, and sleep efficiency was most reported in actigraphy studies. For both technologies there was high variability in reported outcome measures. Sleep sensing technologies may be used to identify how sleep affects concussion recovery. However, high variability in sensor deployment methodologies makes cross-study comparisons difficult and highlights the need for standardization. Consensus on how sleep sensing technologies are used post-concussion may lead to clinical integration with subjective methods for improved sleep monitoring during the recovery period.