N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine-crosslinked sodium alginate hydrogel: applications in angiogenesis and wound healing across avian and murine models.

Managing wounds remains a significant challenge in modern medicine. Biopolymer hydrogels provide a moist environment conducive to tissue healing. In this study, N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediamine (N-3-TMSPED) crosslinked sodium alginate hydrogels were synthesized via lyophilization, with varying concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG 600) to evaluate their role in angiogenesis and wound healing. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed porous structures essential for angiogenesis. The hydrogels showed maximum swelling at neutral and basic pH, and enhanced thermal stability with increasing PEG content. In vivo CAM assay results showed significantly increased blood vessels in PEG-containing hydrogels, with ANP2 exhibiting the highest vessel count (25.05 ± 0.0513) compared to control (13.02 ± 0.3600, p ≤ 0.05). PEG also ensured high embryo viability (94.6 %). Biochemical markers remained within normal physiological ranges, confirming hydrogel safety. All PEG-containing hydrogels displayed a significantly improved wound healing, affirming their therapeutic potential. Wound contraction analysis in mice showed ANP2 (loaded with XLC) achieved 72 % contraction by day 7 and 99.8 % by day 14, compared to untreated (57 %) and experimental controls (61 %) (p ≤ 0.05). Histology confirmed enhanced re-epithelialization and increased collagen deposition. These findings demonstrate that ANP hydrogels promote angiogenesis, accelerate wound healing, and exhibit excellent biocompatibility, highlighting their potential for tissue regeneration applications.