Air quality of health facilities in Spain.

The present study examines indoor air pollution in health facilities, focusing on compounds from various sources, such as industrial products, healthcare activities and building materials. It assesses chemical and microbiological concentrations in two public hospitals, two public healthcare centres, and one public health laboratory in Spain. Measurements included indoor air quality, microbiological contaminants, ambient parameters and non-target analysis across ten different locations. Outdoor air quality was also assessed in the surroundings of the hospitals. The results showed that around 350 substances were tentatively identified at a high confidence level, with over 50 % of compounds classified as of high toxicological risk. Three indoor and 26 outdoor compounds were fully confirmed with standards. These confirmed substances were linked to medical, industrial and agricultural activities. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) results revealed that CO, CO2, formaldehyde (HCHO), O3 and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) showed average values above the recommended guideline levels in at least one of the evaluated locations. Moreover, maximum concentrations detected for CO, HCHO, O3 and TVOCs in hospitals surpassed those previously reported in the literature. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in three air environments, corresponding to COVID-19 patient areas. Fungi and bacteria concentrations were acceptable in all assessed locations, identifying different fungi genera, such as Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and Botrytis.