Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation · 2026
Interleukin-9 Regulates NF-kB-Mediated Activation of Astrocytes in Multiple Sclerosis Brain.
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Cinotti Miriam, Amadio Susanna, Tidei Daniele, Donninelli Gloria, Stacchiotti Costanza, De Paolis Veronica, Colombo Emanuela, De Angelis Anthea, Ruffini Francesca, Martino Gianvito, Farina Cinthia, Parisi Chiara, Volonté Cinzia, Volpe Elisabetta
Аннотация
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Interleukin-9 (IL-9) is an immune molecule with multiple roles in a variety of cell types. IL-9-induced cell responses are mediated by the IL-9 receptor (IL-9R). Recent evidence demonstrates that expression of IL-9R in post mortem brain tissues of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with a protective, anti-inflammatory role of IL-9 in MS. In this study, we investigated the expression of IL-9R in cells resident in the CNS of patients with MS. We found that astrocytes express IL-9R, indicating their expected responsiveness to IL-9. Astrocytes play a critical role in MS, where the inflammatory environment turns them into reactive cells, which actively contribute to the disease. The transcription factor nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) regulates the response of reactive astrocytes and their potential pathogenic activities during CNS inflammation.
METHODS: To address the role of IL-9 in proinflammatory astrocytes, we used 3 different human in vitro models: (1) human astrocytoma cell line (U-373 MG), (2) primary normal human astrocytes, and (3) induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes. We used interleukin-1β for their conversion into proinflammatory astrocytes.
RESULTS: We found that IL-9 contributes to the switch of astrocytes from an inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory profile by downregulating NF-kB activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that IL-9 inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression driven by NF-kB.
DISCUSSION: Because GM-CSF production by astrocytes is linked to microglial activation and CNS inflammation, these results indicate that IL-9 regulates the astrocyte-microglia axis and has potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory implications in MS.
METHODS: To address the role of IL-9 in proinflammatory astrocytes, we used 3 different human in vitro models: (1) human astrocytoma cell line (U-373 MG), (2) primary normal human astrocytes, and (3) induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes. We used interleukin-1β for their conversion into proinflammatory astrocytes.
RESULTS: We found that IL-9 contributes to the switch of astrocytes from an inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory profile by downregulating NF-kB activation. Moreover, we demonstrated that IL-9 inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression driven by NF-kB.
DISCUSSION: Because GM-CSF production by astrocytes is linked to microglial activation and CNS inflammation, these results indicate that IL-9 regulates the astrocyte-microglia axis and has potential therapeutic anti-inflammatory implications in MS.