Epidemiology of Human Papillomavirus in Saudi Arabia: A Scoping Review of Prevalence, Genotypes, and Risk Factors.

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide and a leading cause of cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. While global epidemiology is well-documented, data from Saudi Arabia remain fragmented. Updated evidence is essential to guide national prevention and vaccination strategies.

METHODS

We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar for studies reporting HPV prevalence, genotypes, or risk factors in Saudi Arabia. Eligible studies included cross-sectional, cohort, and case-control designs assessing cervical, anal, oral, or penile HPV using validated molecular methods. Data on study characteristics, prevalence, genotypes, risk factors, and prognostic outcomes were extracted. Reporting followed PRISMA-ScR guidelines.

RESULTS

HPV prevalence ranged from 4.7% to 31.6% in general populations and up to 52.9% in high-risk groups. The most common genotypes were HPV-16, HPV-18, and other high-risk (HR) types.

CONCLUSION

HPV represents a growing public health concern in Saudi Arabia, with HR genotypes predominating. Sociodemographic and behavioral factors influence infection patterns. Large-scale, population-based studies remain limited, highlighting the need for comprehensive surveillance, vaccination programs, and targeted awareness initiatives to reduce HPV-related disease burden.