Intranasal administration of antiseizure medications in chronic and emergency treatment: Hopes and challenges.

Despite the availability of many antiseizure medications (ASMs), 30 % of patients experience pharmacoresistant seizures. High-throughput screening methods undoubtedly remain one of the most important approaches for discovering new molecules to treat seizures. However, the costly and time-consuming nature of drug development prompts us to explore alternative strategies to counteract drug-resistant seizures. One such approach is to consider intranasal administration of known molecules for seizure treatment. In the case of treating epileptic seizures, administering ASMs intranasally may enhance treatment effectiveness and minimize adverse effects. A good example of changes in drug administration is the intranasal administration of fentanyl, which has become a clinical standard in the emergency setting to treat moderate to severe pain in adults and children. This review discusses the utilization of intranasally administered ASMs for both acute and chronic seizures. It addresses various targeted pharmacokinetic approaches, challenges and prospects associated with these regimens. Brief neuroanatomical and molecular rationale for nose-to-brain drug transport is also presented. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies validating the efficacy and brain distribution following intranasal administration of the most commonly used drugs in chronic treatment are also discussed.