Environmental influence on summer survival of Manila Clam Ruditapes philippinarum: A case study in an aquaculture bay.

The aquaculture of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) is under threat due to its high mortality in summer. To investigate the environmental influence on mortality of the species, we have conducted field surveys in the aquaculture area in Laizhou Bay, during the summers of 2019 and 2020. Environmental and biological data were collected. The results of data analysis have shown that in 2020, large-scale mortality events were not recorded and spatial variations of environmental variables were no significant within the survey area. However, in August 2019, significant variations of environmental variables were detected in the middle tidal area. This area was charactered with relatively high-water temperature (with maximum temperature of 31.49 °C and mean value of 26.17 ± 1.62 °C), elevated hydrogen sulfide concentrations (with a maximum concentration of 24.72 μmol/L and a mean concentration of 7.89 ± 4.14 μmol/L), and low dissolved oxygen concentrations (with a minimum concentration of 3.35 mg/L and a mean concentration of 6.27 ± 0.42 mg/L). Correspondingly, high mortality of the clam was recorded in the area, the abundance of live Manila clams has decreased by 80%. No significant abnormalities of environmental variables and clam growth were observed in other regions in 2019. Glycogen content and condition index of the clam were analyzed to investigate the relationship between environmental stress and the health of the clam. Compared to the condition index, glycogen content is a more sensitive indicator of the health status of the clam because changes in glycogen content appeared earlier than changes in condition index and mortality. A principal component analysis further indicated that the high mortality of the clam corresponds with a few environmental variables, including elevated temperature, hypoxia and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide. The simultaneous presence of these multiple environmental stressors could have triggered alterations in the physiological responses of the clam.