Cerebral Hemodynamic Responses to the Difficulty Level of Ambulatory Tasks in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background. Ambulatory tasks are the important components of balance training which effectively improve postural stability and functional activities in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD). The difficulty level of an ambulatory task is usually set in the form of attention, direction, speed, or amplitude requirement. Objectives. This study aimed to explore the neural mechanisms of cerebral hemodynamic responses to the difficulty level of ambulatory tasks in persons with PD. Methods. We included ten studies that examined cerebral hemodynamic responses during ambulatory tasks at different difficulty levels in persons with PD. The change in hemodynamic responses was synthesized and meta-analyzed. Results. Patients during "ON" medication had higher relative change in oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔHBO2) in the prefrontal cortex in response to difficulty levels of ambulatory tasks, which is comparable to that in healthy elderly individuals. However, patients during "OFF" medication did not show cortical activation in response to difficulty levels. During the lower-difficulty tasks, patients during "ON" medication demonstrated higher ΔHBO2 than healthy elderly participants and patients during "OFF" medication. Factors found to significantly contribute to the heterogeneity across studies included subjects' type and cognitive status, task duration, setting, and filter used for functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data pre-processing. Conclusions. The findings suggest that ambulatory task at a higher difficulty level could be necessary to train the cortical capacity of PD persons, which should be conducted during "ON" medication; meanwhile, the contributing factors to the heterogeneity of studies would be useful as a reference when designing comparable fNIRS studies.