Propyl Gallate Mitigates Gastric Injury Caused by Indomethacin in Wistar Rats.

Propyl gallate (PG) is an edible food-grade antioxidant, but its gastroprotective potential has not been extensively evaluated. This study evaluated the protective effects of PG on indomethacin-induced gastric mucosal injury in Wistar rats. Male rats were assigned to control (C), vehicle (Vehicle), PG-treated (20, 40, and 100 mg/kg; LPG, MPG, and HPG), and positive control (omeprazole, 30 mg/kg; OM). Following 7 days of pretreatment, indomethacin (100 mg/kg) was administered to all groups except group C, and the gastric tissues were collected for further analysis. PG pretreatment significantly reduced ulcer area in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.05). PG also suppressed gastric inflammatory protein expression (NF-κB, COX-2, TNF-α, IL-6, and iNOS), restoring prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels, and enhanced antioxidant defenses, as evidenced by increased glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. These findings demonstrate that PG exerts marked gastroprotective effects through combined anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.