Enhancing composite emulsion stability through electrostatic modulation of polysaccharides-whey protein isolate interactions for probiotic encapsulation.

This study investigates how electrostatic interactions between whey protein isolate (WPI) and polysaccharides (konjac glucomannan, guar gum, pectin, sodium alginate, chitosan) affect the stability and encapsulation of high-internal-phase emulsions (HIPEs, oil fraction >74%), revealing charge-driven structural and network stabilization mechanisms. The findings demonstrate that anionic WPI (pH 7.0) alone was more effective than cationic WPI (pH 4.0) in stabilizing oil-in-water HIPEs. Neutral polysaccharides enhanced emulsifying performance through viscosity-induced stabilization. While electrostatic repulsion increased ζ-potential of the complexes, thereby synergistically strengthening hydrophobic interaction-driven emulsifying activity. In contrast, excessive attraction (pectin, ζ-potential -17.0 mV) destabilized structural network through bridging or depletion flocculation, whereas moderate attraction (sodium alginate, ζ-potential -11.5 mV), facilitated the formation of stable emulsion systems. Notably, sodium alginate-WPI systems demonstrated robust stability (for 4 months) across all electrostatic conditions and offered excellent biocompatibility (<5%) and probiotic protection (>9.05 log CFU/mL). Collectively, these findings elucidate the mechanism of electrostatic tuning in stabilization of HIPEs, providing a promising approach for probiotics delivery.