Rewarming rates of seven insectivorous bat species along an altitudinal gradient in South Africa.

Small endotherms commonly use daily torpor to maintain energetic homeostasis. During daily torpor, rewarming rates have a large impact on overall energy savings because they influence heat loss in this energetically costly phase of torpor. These rates are affected by both intrinsic and extrinsic ecological factors; however, data on rewarming rates along temporal and spatial scales between and within species are scant. We investigated how seven insectivorous bat species differing in body size and thermal stability of preferred roosts vary in rewarming rates along an altitude gradient (0-1400 m.a.s.l.) in South Africa, predicting that rewarming rates would increase with altitude. We kept individuals overnight at 15°C and monitored their surface temperature during induced rewarming with infrared thermal imaging to calculate rewarming rates. In contrast to our prediction, we found no significant variation between species or altitudes despite differences in body mass and life history traits. However, we did find evidence that males rewarmed more rapidly than females at low temperatures despite the higher energetic cost of slow rewarming, possibly due to reluctance of females to initiate active rewarming at low ambient temperatures. We found some support for the prediction that cool temperatures at high altitude result in lower initial surface temperatures during cold-exposure, as an adaptation to mitigate heat loss through thermal conductance to the ambient environment. This is particularly important for small insectivorous bats given their high surface area to volume ratios.