Current treatment of craniosynostosis and future therapeutic directions.

Normal craniofacial development is contingent upon coordinated growth between the brain and overlying calvaria. Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, perturbs this natural framework, resulting in dramatic dysmorphology of the skull and face along with a multitude of associated functional abnormalities. Traditional approaches to the treatment of craniosynostosis have employed complex surgical remodeling of the skull vault and facial deformities all aimed at increasing the amount of intracranial volume and restoring a more normal craniofacial appearance. Significant morbidity and mortality, however, have plagued these procedures, driving dramatic evolution in our approach towards the treatment of pathologically fused sutures. Recent clinical and genetic studies have identified multiple forms of human craniosynostosis, each associated with mutations within various cytokine signaling pathways. Knowledge garnered from these investigations bear promise for the future development of alternative strategies to enhance or perhaps even replace contemporary approaches for the treatment of craniosynostosis.