[Experiences with temporary vena cava filters in 114 at-risk patients with thrombosis or thromboembolism].

BACKGROUND AND

OBJECTIVES

The indications for temporary implantation of a vena cava filter remain unclear and there are as yet few data about its complications and reliability. It was the aim of this study to determine the efficacy and complication rate of the temporary use of a vena cava filter (VCF) in a large group of patients at high risk of pulmonary embolism, and thus contribute to defining the indications for such temporary implantation.

PATIENTS AND

METHODS

Between November 1991 and October 1997 a total of 118 VCF were implanted in four groups of a total of 114 patients (67 women, 47 men; average age 45.3 +/- 19.8 [12-82] years) to prevent pulmonary embolism: those (1) with massive or fulminant pulmonary embolism (n = 54); (2) with mechanical thrombus fragmentation and (or) local catheter-delivered systemic thrombolysis in pelvic, leg or caval vein thrombosis (n = 42); (3) with systemic thrombolysis in case of floating thrombi at the femoral, iliac or caval veins (n = 7); and (4) as perioperative measure in caesarean section, venous thrombectomy, other surgical interventions or when anticoagulation had to be discontinued in patients with deep vein thrombosis (n = 11).

RESULTS

Filters remained implanted for a mean of 6.1 +/- 3.4 (1-16) days. Placement had to be corrected because of filter dislocation in eight patients. Proven pulmonary embolism occurred after filter implantation in only one patient, after filter displacement into the unthrombosed contralateral iliac vein. Thrombus deposition on the filter before its removal was demonstrated in nine patients: thrombolysis was effective in seven of them, while thrombosed filters had to be removed surgically in two. Residual thrombi were found on the filter in six further patients. No pulmonary embolism occurred in connection with filter removal. Local complications at or around the site of insertion of the introducing catheter occurred in 53 of the 114 patients (46.5%): haematoma in 42, infection in 21 and brachial vein thrombosis in three patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The rate of clinically relevant pulmonary embolism can probably be reduced to a minimum by the implantation of a temporary vena cava filter. The overall complication rate is high, but serious complications are rare.