Antinociceptive efficacy, chemistry, potential toxicity, and quality control procedures of Clinopodium macrostemum and Clinopodium mexicanum: A comparative analysis.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Clinopodium macrostemum and C. mexicanum are valued for relieving hangovers, stomach discomfort, and pain. This highlights the need to assess their efficacy and toxicity profile through preclinical studies.

AIM OF THE STUDY: This research aims to provide a comprehensive comparison of the chemical composition, potential toxicity, quality control procedures, and nutritional value of C. macrostemum and Clinopodium mexicanum, commonly known as 'poleos,' focusing on their efficacy and safety as pain-relief agents.

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

The acute toxicity of decoctions from both Clinopodium species was evaluated using Lorke's test in mice. Markers of liver and kidney damage were analyzed in a rat model. Antinociceptive activity was assessed using the formalin test in mice. Chromatographic techniques and phytochemical studies characterized their chemical profiles. An ultra-efficient liquid chromatography method was developed and validated to measure the flavonoid content in the decoctions of both plants.

RESULTS

The decoctions of the two species were non-lethal to mice, as shown by the Lorke test. However, they caused kidney damage in Wistar rats. The decoction and essential oil of C. macrostemum showed a moderate antinociceptive effect in the formalin test during both the inflammatory and neurogenic phases. The chemical profiles of the aqueous extracts were very similar and rich in flavonoids, but their volatilomes differed. The proximate analysis of C. macrostemum revealed high levels of fiber, calcium, and potassium.

CONCLUSION

The observed antinociceptive activity in both Clinopodium species is consistent with their reported pharmacological potential and traditional use. However, the acute renal injury associated with both plants requires further investigation. In contrast, variability in the volatilome between species may serve as a valuable tool for quality control. These differences in chemical composition suggest key avenues for distinguishing and effectively utilizing the species.