Endoscopic procedures in the treatment of urologic disorders in children.

Cystoscopy has been a well established procedure in adult urology for years and more recently for the endoscopic evaluation of the lower urinary tract of infants and children. Utilizing small caliber cold light endoscopes and resectoscopes, therapeutic manipulations are readily possible. Among these are extraction of ureteral stones, lithotripsy of bladder calculi, transurethral resection of bladder tumors, as well as transurethral incision and resection of bladder-neck obstructions, urethral valves and urethral stenoses. The excellent results obtained in the treatment of infravesical urinary obstruction have contributed to the importance of transurethral surgery in pediatric urology.