Drought and armed conflict as drivers of overcrowding in Sudan's refugee camps.

Forced migration is a result of variable changes, including human-made factors, environmental factors or both. Climate change has been a significant cause of increased forced migration in Sudan. The prolonged drought attributed to climate change affects Sudanese citizens, with 80% of the population relying on agriculture and pastoralism as their main source of income. Since April 2023, the conflict has displaced over 14.5 million people. Four million have sought safety in neighbouring countries. The refugee camps lack essential resources, and the displaced people face a health crisis, with outbreaks of cholera, 30% of children facing malnutrition and widespread mental health issues. Access to sustainable WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) systems, improved healthcare, mass vaccinations and climate-sensitive interventions are key to mitigation efforts. The ongoing conflict in Sudan demands a coordinated response from the Sudanese government, humanitarian agencies and international partners to prevent further catastrophe.