Current status of cryptorchidism.

Cryptorchidism is present at birth in 3% to 5% of term male infants. The incidence is higher in preterm and low birth weight infants. The two most important possible sequelae are infertility and testicular tumor. Diagnostic studies are usually not necessary if the undescended testis is palpable. Laparoscopy has replaced imaging studies for localization of a nonpalpable testis and might also obviate the need for exploration of the groin. The recommended age for treatment has progressively decreased as our understanding of the problem has improved. Current information suggests that the placement of the testis in the scrotum should be accomplished by 1 year of age to maximize the potential for fertility. Treatment options include surgical relocation or hormonal therapy. The lower the pretreatment position of the testis, the better the success rate for either method.