Robotics and imaging in congenital heart surgery.

The initial success seen in adult cardiac surgery with the application of available robotic systems has not been realized as broadly in pediatric cardiac surgery. The main obstacles include extended set-up time and complexity of the procedures, as well as the large size of the instruments with respect to the size of the child. Moreover, while the main advantage of robotic systems is the ability to minimize incision size, for intracardiac repairs, cardiopulmonary bypass is still required. Catheter-based interventions, on the other hand, have expanded rapidly in both application as well as the complexity of procedures and lesions being treated. However, despite the development of sophisticated devices, robotic systems to aid catheter procedures have not been commonly applied in children. In this article, we describe new catheter-like robotic delivery platforms, which facilitate safe navigation and enable complex repairs, such as tissue approximation and fixation, and tissue removal, inside the beating heart. Additional features including the tracking of rapidly moving tissue targets and novel imaging approaches are described, along with a discussion of future prospects for steerable robotic systems.