Nutrient patterns and their food sources in an International Study Setting: report from the EPIC study.
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Moskal Aurelie, Pisa Pedro T, Ferrari Pietro, Byrnes Graham, Freisling Heinz, Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine, Cadeau Claire, Nailler Laura, Wendt Andrea, Kühn Tilman, Boeing Heiner, Buijsse Brian, Tjønneland Anne, Halkjær Jytte, Dahm Christina C, Chiuve Stephanie E, Quirós Jose R, Buckland Genevieve, Molina-Montes Esther, Amiano Pilar, Huerta Castaño José M, Gurrea Aurelio Barricarte, Khaw Kay-Tee, Lentjes Marleen A, Key Timothy J, Romaguera Dora, Vergnaud Anne-Claire, Trichopoulou Antonia, Bamia Christina, Orfanos Philippos, Palli Domenico, Pala Valeria, Tumino Rosario, Sacerdote Carlotta, de Magistris Maria Santucci, Bueno-de-Mesquita H Bas, Ocké Marga C, Beulens Joline W J, Ericson Ulrika, Drake Isabel, Nilsson Lena M, Winkvist Anna, Weiderpass Elisabete, Hjartåker Anette, Riboli Elio, Slimani Nadia
Аннотация
METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We identified nutrient patterns from food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) Study and used 24-hour dietary recall (24-HDR) data to validate and describe the nutrient patterns and their related food sources. Associations between lifestyle factors and the nutrient patterns were also examined. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied on 23 nutrients derived from country-specific FFQ combining data from all EPIC centers (N = 477,312). Harmonized 24-HDRs available for a representative sample of the EPIC populations (N = 34,436) provided accurate mean group estimates of nutrients and foods by quintiles of pattern scores, presented graphically. An overall PCA combining all data captured a good proportion of the variance explained in each EPIC center. Four nutrient patterns were identified explaining 67% of the total variance: Principle component (PC) 1 was characterized by a high contribution of nutrients from plant food sources and a low contribution of nutrients from animal food sources; PC2 by a high contribution of micro-nutrients and proteins; PC3 was characterized by polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin D; PC4 was characterized by calcium, proteins, riboflavin, and phosphorus. The nutrients with high loadings on a particular pattern as derived from country-specific FFQ also showed high deviations in their mean EPIC intakes by quintiles of pattern scores when estimated from 24-HDR. Center and energy intake explained most of the variability in pattern scores.
CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE: The use of 24-HDR enabled internal validation and facilitated the interpretation of the nutrient patterns derived from FFQs in term of food sources. These outcomes open research opportunities and perspectives of using nutrient patterns in future studies particularly at international level.