Investigation of dimyristoyl phosphatidyl glycerol and cholesterol based nanocochleates as a potential oral delivery carrier for methotrexate.

Methotrexate (MTX), a biopharmaceutical classification system-IV anticancer drug, exhibits low therapeutic efficacy. Moreover, its clinical applications were restricted due to its multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer and its toxic effects. The present investigation was to fabricate 1, 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-rac-(1-glycerol) sodium (DMPG-Na), (3β)-cholest-5-en-3-ol (cholesterol) and calcium-based nanocochleates (NCs) as a potential oral delivery carrier for MTX to enhance its therapeutic efficacy with low toxicity. MTX-loaded NCs (MTX-NCs) was developed by the addition of calcium ion into preformed nanoliposomes (MTX-NLs) comprising MTX, DMPG-Na, with cholesterol and evaluated by in-vitro and in-vivo methods in comparison with MTX-NLs and pure MTX. Stable tubular rod structure of MTX-NCs possessing particle size, encapsulation efficiency and zeta potential of 374.1 ± 2.2 nm, 78.63 ± 2.12% and -71.2 mV, respectively were obtained from homogenous unilamellar, discrete and spherical structured MTX-NLs with a diameter and zeta potential of 363.3 ± 3.7 nm and -74.6 mV respectively. A thermal study revealed an amorphous state of MTX in MTX-NCs. Pharmacokinetics study in rats, MTX-NLs and MTX-NCs were showed controlled release with 5 and 6 fold improvements in oral bioavailability. Moreover, MTX-NCs showed low tissue distribution. These results collectively suggest that the developed system could be used to improve the therapeutic efficacy of MTX.