Nitroglycerin inhalation for acute treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in children with congenital heart disease.

OBJECTIVES: Acute pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary hypertensive crisis may result in adverse clinical outcomes if unsuccessfully treated. Inhaled nitric oxide has long been considered as the standard pharmacotherapy for acute pulmonary hypertension, but lack of feasibility in some settings and evidences challenging its benefits lead to the use of alternative treatment, amongst which is nitroglycerin inhalation. The purpose of this review article is to discuss available data on the use of nitroglycerin inhalation for acute treatment of pulmonary hypertension in children with CHD and its potential benefit in post-operative setting.

DATA SOURCES: Literatures included in this review were acquired by searching in PubMed online database. Keywords used were "Pulmonary Hypertension", "Congenital heart defects", "Pediatrics", "Inhaled nitroglycerin", and its synonyms.

STUDY SELECTION: Title and abstract were screened to select relevant literatures including the three paediatric clinical trials on nitroglycerin inhalation. Critical appraisal of the clinical trials was then done using the University of Oxford Centre of Evidence-Based Medicine Critical Appraisal Tools.

CONCLUSIONS: Paediatric studies showed the benefit of nitroglycerin inhalation in uncorrected cases of CHD during catheterisation procedures. Until recently, there have been no studies conducted in paediatric post-operative CHD cases. Further study is required to provide evidence for inhaled nitroglycerin use in this setting including the appropriate dosing and potential side effects with repeated administration.