Sleep and stroke.

More than 50% of stroke patients have sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), mostly in the form of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). SDB represents both a risk factor and a consequence of stroke. The presence of SDB has been linked with poorer long-term outcome and increased long-term stroke mortality. Continuous positive airway presure is the treatment of choice for OSA. Oxygen and other forms of ventilation may be helpful in other (e.g., central) forms of SDB. SDB can improve spontaneously after stroke. About 20 to 40% of stroke patients have sleep-wake disorders (SWD), mostly in form of insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness/fatigue, or hypersomnia (increased sleep needs). Depression, anxiety, SDB, stroke complications, and medications may contribute to SWD and should be addressed first therapeutically. Brain damage per se, often at thalamic or brainstem level, can be also a cause of persisting SWD. In these patients, hypnotics, dopeminergic agents, and stimulants (e.g., modafinil) can be attempted.