Predictive Ability of Individual Items of the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Scale Compared With the Summative Score.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the ability of each item of the Fried phenotype of frailty to predict physical limitation and physical performance measures after 4 years, walking speed and hospitalization after 7 years, and mortality after 12 years.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Community-living older people in Hong Kong SAR, China.

PARTICIPANTS

4000 community-living Chinese men and women aged 65 and older were recruited using stratified sampling so that approximately 33% each would be aged 65-69, 70-74, and 75 and older. Those who were unable to walk independently, had had bilateral hip replacement, or were not competent to give informed consent were excluded.

MEASUREMENTS: Information was collected from questionnaire to include sociodemographic and lifestyle data, medical history, cognition, mood, and ability to carry out daily functional tasks. Frailty was assessed using the 5-item Fried phenotype, or Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) scale. Measurements include grip strength, 6-m walking speed, and chair stand. Length of hospital stay was obtained from the hospital records. Death was ascertained from the Death Registry.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was used to analyze the association between individual items and health outcomes, adjusting for age, education, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart disease, current smoker, Mini-Mental State Examination score, and depression. The predictive ability of each item was examined using the area under the curve (AUC), and stepwise models were applied to assess the incremental predictive validity.

RESULTS

In men, all items of the CHS scale predicted increased risk of physical limitation after 4 years with similar AUC values. The lowest quintile of walking speed and grip strength predicted increased risk of walking speed <0.8 m/s at 4 and 7 years. The other items had variable predictive ability for outcomes. For women, low walking speed and grip strength were the only 2 items that predicted all the adverse outcomes except mortality. When each item was entered into a stepwise model to predict adverse outcomes, low walking speed predicted nearly as well as the combined 5-item CHS.

CONCLUSION

The 5-item Fried phenotype in frailty screening in clinical management may be replaced by a single physical performance measure such as walking speed or grip strength, but cut-off values derived from individual populations need to be applied.