DCs-targeted full-cell nanovaccine based on chitosan oligosaccharide self-assembled with ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide for enhancing tumor immunotherapy.

Tumor vaccines, designed to deliver immunogenic antigens and initiate tumor-specific immune responses, hold significant promise for cancer prevention and therapy. However, their efficacy remains limited by the inherently low immunogenicity of tumor antigens and inefficient antigen presentation. To address these challenges, we developed a self-assembled polysaccharide-based nanovaccine platform (CGT) for treating orthotopic, recurrent, and metastatic tumors in murine models. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that CGT effectively delivers tumor antigens to dendritic cells (DCs), enhances DC maturation, and activates antigen-specific immune responses. Notably, in orthotopic, recurrent, and metastatic 4 T1 breast cancer models, CGT exhibited robust anti-tumor efficacy, significantly inhibiting primary tumor growth and suppressing distant lung metastasis. This work provides a novel strategy to amplify tumor vaccine immunogenicity and establishes a versatile platform for achieving potent anti-tumor immunity against complex malignancies.