Fluid management of the critically Ill child.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes current literature pertaining to fluid management for critically ill children. It includes an overview on crystalloid fluid used throughout the critical illness course, management of fluid output and complications with fluid overload.

RECENT FINDINGS: Observational paediatric studies and adult randomized trials show mixed results regarding risk of mortality and kidney injury with 0.9% saline and crystalloid fluid. A recent adult randomized trial suggests that a fluid restrictive strategy may be well tolerated in critically ill adults with septic shock, but further randomized trials are needed in paediatrics. Fluid overload has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Trials exploring ways to decrease fluid accumulation must be done in paediatrics.

SUMMARY: Additional high-quality studies are needed to precisely define the type, timing and rate of intravenous fluid critically ill children should receive throughout their clinical illness course.