Direct and indirect effects of aldosterone on cyclooxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 expression in rat cardiac cells in culture and after myocardial infarction.

Aldosterone contributes to cardiac failure, which is associated with induction of inflammatory mediators. Moreover, aldosterone was shown to induce a vascular inflammatory phenotype in the rat heart. Using Western blotting and/or real-time RT-PCR, we examined the effect of aldosterone on the expression of the proinflammatory molecules, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and IL-6 in neonatal rat ventricular cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts as well as in adult cardiomyocytes after myocardial infarction. In cardiomyocytes, aldosterone induced COX-2 but not IL-6 expression. After 4-18 h of stimulation with 1 microm aldosterone, a significant increase in COX-2 protein expression was observed, preceded by an increase of COX-2 mRNA levels. After 18 h treatment, 100 nm and 1 microm aldosterone increased COX-2 protein amount by 2- and 4-fold, respectively. Consistently, aldosterone increased by 2.5-fold prostaglandin E(2) secretion in cardiomyocytes. In cardiac fibroblasts, aldosterone increased neither COX-2 nor IL-6 mRNA expression. Interestingly, prostaglandin E(2) (100 nm) strongly induced both proinflammatory molecules in fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. Our results indicate that aldosterone directly induces COX-2 expression in cardiomyocytes and suggest that the subsequent increase in prostaglandin secretion may act in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner inducing in turn COX-2 and IL-6 expression. In vivo, myocardial infarction strongly increased both COX-2 and IL-6 expression in ventricular cardiomyocytes. Administration of the aldosterone antagonist RU28318 completely prevented COX-2 induction by infarction and partially inhibited the increase in IL-6 mRNA. These data suggest that after myocardial infarction, mineralocorticoid receptor activity is responsible for COX-2 induction and indirectly participates in IL-6 expression in cardiomyocytes.