Surface and phonological developmental dyslexia in Greek.

The present study examined whether equivalents of surface and phonological subtypes of developmental dyslexia could be found among a sample of 84 poor readers aged 9-12 years in Greece. Word reading latency was used as a measure of lexical skill, and nonword reading accuracy was used as a measure of nonlexical skill. A simple regression of word reading latencies on nonword reading accuracy scores was performed for 42 developing readers. A total of 2 poor readers with accurate nonword reading plus slow word reading relative to controls (equivalents of surface dyslexia) and 2 poor readers with inaccurate nonword reading plus fast accurate word reading relative to controls (equivalents of phonological dyslexia) were identified from amongst the sample of poor readers. Further testing of these 4 cases on measures of irregular-word and nonword spelling revealed additional evidence of a dissociation between lexical and nonlexical impairments. These results support the notion that dual-route models can be used to explore individual differences among dyslexic readers in transparent orthographic systems such as Greek. An attempt is also made to interpret the results in terms of a double deficit theory of dyslexia.