Catalytic effect and mechanism of in-situ metals on pyrolysis of FR4 printed circuit boards: Insights from kinetics and products.

Pyrolysis is a promising method for the recovery of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), but few researches have noticed the influence of in-situ metals. This study conducted a series of comparisons between metal-free leftover pieces (LP) and intact boards (IB), including pyrolysis characteristics, volatile emission, kinetics, and thermodynamic parameters. The thermo-gravimetry (TG) analyses indicated that both the samples presented predominant mass loss in narrow temperature intervals, and characteristic pyrolysis temperatures of IB were approximately 15 °C lower than those of LP. Dominant constituents in evolved gases were detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry as CO2, phenol, bromophenol, ethers, ketones, and aldehydes, and metals accelerated the generation of light hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and compared, and the results verified the presence of in-situ metals led to a lower energy barrier and higher reaction extent. Moreover, conversion behaviors of Cu, Fe, Sn, and Pb manifested the formation of metal bromides and implied the reduction of brominated volatiles. The obtained results confirmed the catalytic effect of in-situ metals on PCBs pyrolysis and their bromine fixation abilities. This study contributes to fundamental knowledge that can be used to guide the pyrolysis of WPCBs.