Development of 3-indolyl substituted phenyl pyrazolo-carboxamide hybrids as potential type II VEGFR-2 inhibitors and in vitro cytotoxicity studies.

The progression of tumors is intricately linked to angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, driven primarily by the release of growth factors such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF). Targeting VEGF signaling through its receptor kinase (VEGFR-2) has emerged as a promising anti-angiogenic strategy for cancer therapy. In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of novel chemical entities based on 3-indolyl substituted phenyl pyrazole-carboxamides through docking studies upon considering the structure of sorafenib and its pattern of type II inhibition of VEGFR-2. Among the synthesized hybrids, 7b was able to significantly inhibit the growth of cancer cell lines, specifically against MCF-7 at 2.12 ± 0.19 μM. Compound 7b also efficiently inhibited VEGFR-2 kinase at a concentration of 2.83 ± 0.86 μM during the in vitro studies. Mechanistic studies revealed that 7b induced apoptosis evidenced by AO/EB, DAPI, and DCFDA staining, and its impact on the migratory ability of the cancer cells were also studied. These findings highlight the potential of 7b as a lead candidate for further development of anti-angiogenic therapies targeting VEGFR-2.