Amarogentin ameliorates diabetic disorders in animal models.

Amarogentin is a bitter-tasting secoiridoid glycoside isolated from an herb. Inhibition of aldose reductase by amarogentin has been documented as an antidiabetic action. However, the mechanisms of action of amarogentin in diabetic disorders remain unknown. The present study employed streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic (T1DM) rats to investigate the antihyperglycemic action of amarogentin. Changes in the protein expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) in skeletal muscle and liver, respectively, were also detected by Western blotting. Additionally, a type 2 diabetes (T2DM) animal model induced using a fructose-rich diet was also applied to assess the effect of amarogentin on insulin resistance according to the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). Amarogentin dose-dependently attenuated hyperglycemia in the T1DM rats lacking insulin. The action of amarogentin was further supported in rats administered the oral glucose tolerance test. Western blotting showed that amarogentin reversed the decreased GLUT4 level in skeletal muscle and reduced the elevated PEPCK expression in livers isolated from the T1DM rats. Moreover, amarogentin decreased the HOMA-IR and increased insulin sensitivity in the T2DM rats. These data show that amarogentin may ameliorate glucose homeostasis in diabetic rats, indicating its potential for future development as an antidiabetic drug.