Psychosocial implications of nocturnal enuresis.

Primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE), a biobehavioral problem affecting approximately 5,000,000 children in the United States, is among the most bothersome and frustrating disorders of childhood. Negative psychosocial consequences are common, secondary to the impact of enuresis on family members and others. The enuretic child may be at increased risk for emotional or even physical abuse from family members and may experience stress related to fear of detection by peers. These factors contribute to the loss of self-esteem that the enuretic child often experiences. Fortunately, a number of treatments--most commonly pharmacologic or behavioral intervention--are often effective in improving or correcting PNE. This disorder not only can be addressed but should be addressed because effective treatment benefits both the patient and the patient's family.