Vaccine · 2026
Real-world effectiveness of the influenza vaccine among school-aged children in Shenzhen, China, 2024-2025 season: A test-negative design study.
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Lu Jianhua, Ouyang Zhiyao, Huang Fang, Xie Xu, Wang Xin, Wu Xiaoliang, Hu Biyi, Sun Jiatong, Jiang Min, Sun Ying, Liu Hui, Zhong Yafang, Lu Quan, Dai Guijian, Chen Xiaozhen, Fang Shisong, Jiang Yawen, Shu Yuelong
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: To comprehensively evaluate the real-world effectiveness of the influenza vaccine among school-aged children across a dual-peak season, specifically examining subtype-specific protection, age variations, durability of protection over time, and the impact of repeated prior-season vaccination.
METHODS: A test-negative design was used to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) among school-aged children in Shenzhen. Based on questionnaire data and laboratory testing, patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza were classified as cases, while test-negative patients served as controls. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to compare the odds of vaccination between cases and controls.
RESULTS: Among 1669 eligible participants (463 cases and 1206 test-negative controls), the overall adjusted VE against medically attended influenza was 46.36% (95% CI: 29.23-59.34%). VE differed across age groups and was mainly observed in younger children. Significant protection was observed within 14-119 days post-vaccination, became non-significant during 120-239 days, and re-emerged during the summer peak at 240-299 days. Prior-season vaccination alone provided no significant residual protection, while repeated vaccination across two consecutive seasons was associated with reduced effectiveness in the current season. Subtype-specific VE was 43.48% (95% CI: 18.00-61.04%) against influenza A(H1N1), 34.42% (95% CI: 0.55-56.76%) against influenza A(H3N2), and 56.95% (95% CI: 7.68-79.93%) against the B/Victoria lineage. During the winter-spring peak, VE was 49.84% (95% CI: 26.90-65.59%).
CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccine provided moderate effectiveness against influenza-associated outpatient visits among school-aged children in Shenzhen during the 2024-2025 season.
METHODS: A test-negative design was used to assess vaccine effectiveness (VE) among school-aged children in Shenzhen. Based on questionnaire data and laboratory testing, patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza were classified as cases, while test-negative patients served as controls. Multivariable logistic regression was applied to compare the odds of vaccination between cases and controls.
RESULTS: Among 1669 eligible participants (463 cases and 1206 test-negative controls), the overall adjusted VE against medically attended influenza was 46.36% (95% CI: 29.23-59.34%). VE differed across age groups and was mainly observed in younger children. Significant protection was observed within 14-119 days post-vaccination, became non-significant during 120-239 days, and re-emerged during the summer peak at 240-299 days. Prior-season vaccination alone provided no significant residual protection, while repeated vaccination across two consecutive seasons was associated with reduced effectiveness in the current season. Subtype-specific VE was 43.48% (95% CI: 18.00-61.04%) against influenza A(H1N1), 34.42% (95% CI: 0.55-56.76%) against influenza A(H3N2), and 56.95% (95% CI: 7.68-79.93%) against the B/Victoria lineage. During the winter-spring peak, VE was 49.84% (95% CI: 26.90-65.59%).
CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccine provided moderate effectiveness against influenza-associated outpatient visits among school-aged children in Shenzhen during the 2024-2025 season.