Electroporation-based death of bacteria on assembled piezoelectric nanoenzyme-tips for implant disinfection.

Electroporation can inhibit bacteria through membrane damage; however, its application against implant-related infections remains exploration. Herein, a piezo-assemblage (BM) was developed on Ti by growing octahedral Mn-MIL-100 onto BaTiO3 nanotubes. The piezoelectric properties of Mn-MIL-100 and its enhancing effect on those of BM are demonstrated. Under ultrasound (US), Mn-MIL-100 and BaTiO3 become polarized; the piezoelectric and built-in electric fields synergistically separate US-induced hot charges, and accumulate positive ones at Mn-MIL-100 tips to further generate a high local electric field. The efficient charge separation coupled with charge accumulation promotes ROS generation. When bacteria invade, the local electric field at Mn-MIL-100 tips induces bacterial electroporation, which synergizes with ROS to kill bacteria efficiently. After sterilization, Mn-MIL-100 endows BM with nanozyme-like properties in ROS scavenging, which promotes M2 phenotype of M1 macrophages to facilitate anti-inflammation and tissue regeneration. This electroporation-based antibacterial therapy provides a unique perspective for treating infected implants.